Attachment C <br />Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attachment B <br />failure of drivers to respect right-of-way for pedestrians, including failure to yield <br />at pedestrian crossings; <br />vehicle condition and defects (e.g. brakes, lighting, windscreen); and <br />quiet (electric) vehicles, whose presence cannot be detected by normal auditory <br />means. <br />BOX 1.3: Talking and walking: an emerging problem <br />The use of mobile phones and other smartphones is <br />growing exponentially worldwide. An estimated 77% <br />of the world's population owns a mobile phone (66). <br />While the risk of talking and texting while driving a <br />vehicle is now well documented (67) much less is <br />known about walking and distraction. <br />Since 2005, a number of studies, conducted primar- <br />ily in the United States and among young adults, <br />have been published that suggest pedestrians who <br />are distracted by phone conversations, or other <br />distracting activities such as listening to music <br />or texting, take greater risks when crossing roads <br />(66,68-72). These results can probably be general- <br />ized to pedestrians in other high-income countries. <br />The contribution of distracted walking will most likely <br />be higher in countries where there is a greater mix <br />of traffic, less controlled crossings or where aware- <br />ness of the risks is low because these pedestrians <br />are at greater risk in the first place. A concerted, <br />combined approach needs to be used in all coun- <br />tries. Hard-hitting social marketing campaigns are <br />needed to educate pedestrians, while policy-makers <br />and engineers need to consider alternative ways to <br />protect those 'talking and walking', including modify- <br />ing the environment. <br />1.5 Summary <br />The information presented in this module can be summarized as follows: <br />. Pedestrian fatalities comprise about one fifth of the annual global road traffic <br />injury deaths. <br />. Male pedestrians tend to be over-represented in pedestrian collisions. <br />. The characteristics of pedestrians killed in collisions - and the proportion of pedes- <br />trian traffic fatalities out of all road traffic fatalities - vary widely between and <br />within countries. Effective interventions require collection and analysis of local data. <br />