Attachment C <br />Why is addressing pedestrian safety necessary? <br />Attachment B <br />Controlling impaired driving and walking is an important road safety strategy. Details <br />on implementation of this strategy through setting and enforcing traffic laws, raising <br />awareness and implementing infrastructural measures are provided in Module 4. <br />1.4.3 Lack of pedestrian facilities in roadway design and land-use <br />planning <br />Pedestrian risk is increased when roadway design and land-use planning fail to plan <br />for and provide facilities such as sidewalks, or adequate consideration of pedestrian <br />access at intersections (4,62-64). Infrastructure facilities and traffic control <br />mechanisms that separate pedestrians from motor vehicles and enable pedestrians <br />to cross roads safely are important mechanisms to ensure pedestrian safety, <br />complementing vehicle speed and road system management. These factors, along <br />with the policy and planning reforms that support pedestrian safety, are discussed in <br />detail in Module z and examples of their implementation are given in Module 4. <br />1.4.4 Inadequate visibility of pedestrians <br />The issue of pedestrians not being properly visible is frequently cited in literature as a <br />risk for pedestrian injury. Inadequate visibility of pedestrians arises from (7): <br />• inadequate, or lack of, roadway lighting; <br />• vehicles and bicycles not equipped with lights; <br />• pedestrians not wearing reflective accessories or brightly coloured clothes, <br />especially at night and at dawn or dusk; and <br />• pedestrians sharing road space with fast-moving vehicles. <br />Measures for improving pedestrian visibility are discussed in Module 4. <br />1.4.5 Other risk factors <br />Several other factors that contribute to pedestrian injury include (4.7,9,49,SI.6S) <br />• inadequate enforcement of traffic laws; <br />• unsafe driving practices; <br />• driver distraction, including mobile phone use; <br />• driver fatigue; <br />• pedestrian-vehicle conflict at pedestrian crossing points; <br />• reduced reaction time and reduced walking speed for the elderly; <br />• inability of children to gauge vehicle speed and other relevant information in <br />order to cross the street safely alone; <br />• lack of supervision of children who are too young to make safe judgements; <br />• pedestrian distraction, including mobile phone use (see Box 1.3); <br />• attitudes of drivers and pedestrians; <br />20 <br />Page 165 <br />