Attachment C <br />Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attachment B <br />with traffic regulations, system designers and operators have a responsibility to <br />develop a transport system that is as safe as possible for users. <br />Promotion of ethical values in road safety: The ethical value underlying the Safe <br />System approach is that any level of serious trauma arising from the road transport <br />system is unacceptable. Humans can learn to behave more safely, but errors will <br />inevitably occur on some occasions. The errors may lead to crashes, but death and <br />serious injury are not inevitable consequences. <br />Promotion ofsocietal values: In addition to ensuring safety, the road transport <br />system is expected to contribute to overall societal values, particularly in three <br />areas - economic development, human and environmental health, and individual <br />choice. <br />The Safe System approach has several benefits as a framework for pedestrian safety: <br />Examination o fa range of risk fi ctors. Pedestrian safety should be researched <br />from a systems point of view to allow for consideration of the many factors that <br />expose pedestrians to risk, such as vehicle speed, poor road design, and inadequate <br />enforcement of traffic laws and regulations. Effective planning for pedestrian safety <br />requires a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors involved. It is difficult <br />to achieve this understanding, however, when research focuses only on one or <br />two risk factors. The Safe Systems framework moves pedestrian safety research <br />away from a narrow focus on a single or a few risk factors. Module 3 describes the <br />development of data sources in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which together provide a <br />thorough picture of the extent of injuries and risk factors for pedestrians and other <br />road users. <br />. Integration of comprehensive interventions. Improving pedestrian safety requires <br />attention to vehicle design, road infrastructure, traffic controls such as speed <br />limits, and enforcement of traffic laws and regulations - the focus areas that <br />comprise the Safe System approach. A narrow focus on any single aspect is less <br />effective than taking an integrated approach to the multiple factors involved in <br />pedestrian safety. <br />. Assimilation oflessons learned. The Safe System approach provides a basis for <br />low- and middle-income countries to avoid mistakes that were made by a number <br />of high-income countries that designed roads mainly with motor vehicles in <br />mind, and without adequate attention to pedestrian needs. As countries witness <br />increasing numbers of motor vehicles, improvements are needed to infrastructure <br />for pedestrians as well as for vehicles, rather than focusing solely on pedestrian <br />behaviour as the key factor influencing pedestrian safety. A common feature of <br />pedestrian travel environments in low- and middle-income countries is mixed <br />traffic where pedestrians, vehicles and bicycles share the same road space, with <br />few or no dedicated infrastructural facilities for pedestrians. Some progress in <br />addressing the neglect of pedestrians in road design has been observed in China <br />and India (4). Modules 2 and 4 provide examples of road design measures aimed <br />at improving pedestrian safety in low- and middle-income countries. <br />Page 152 <br />