Attachm <br />Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attach <br />M OR T H A_N one fifth of the people killed on the world's roads each year are not <br />travelling in a car, on a motorcycle or even on a bicycle - they are pedestrians. <br />Pedestrian deaths and injuries are often preventable, and proven interventions exist, <br />yet in many locations pedestrian safety does not attract the attention it merits. <br />Successful interventions to protect pedestrians and promote safe walking require <br />an understanding of the nature of risk factors for pedestrian crashes. This module <br />provides the reader with background information on the problem of pedestrian <br />injuries and risk factors worldwide. The information may be used to persuade <br />political leaders to develop, implement and support pedestrian safety measures. <br />A pedestrian is any person who is travelling by walking for at least part of <br />his or her journey. In addition to the ordinary form of walking, a pedestrian <br />may be using various modifications and aids to walking such as wheelchairs, <br />motorized scooters, walkers, canes, skateboards, and roller blades. The <br />person may carry items of varying quantities, held in hands, strapped on the <br />back, placed on the head, balanced on shoulders, or pushed/pulled along. A <br />person is also considered a pedestrian when running, jogging, hiking, or when <br />sitting or lying down in the roadway. <br />The content of this module is organized as follows: <br />1.1 Guiding principles: Two of the principles that guide work on pedestrian <br />safety and shape this manual are presented. The first is the concept of `safe walking: <br />Walking is a basic and common mode of transport with benefits to health and the <br />environment. Measures must be taken to improve the safety of walkers. The second <br />guiding principle is the `Safe System' approach, discussed here as a framework for <br />understanding and addressing pedestrian safety. <br />1.2 Magnitude of pedestrian road injury problem: This section presents data on <br />the number of pedestrians killed in road traffic crashes worldwide. It also presents <br />information on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of people who <br />are injured or killed as pedestrians, and the costs of pedestrian road traffic crashes. <br />1.3 What happens in a pedestrian collision? This section briefly describes the <br />sequence of events and typical injuries arising from pedestrian-car collisions. It pro- <br />vides a useful background for understanding the risk factors discussed in Section 1.4. <br />1.4 Risk factors: This section discusses the key risk factors for pedestrian injury, <br />particularly speed, alcohol, lack of road infrastructure for pedestrians and inadequate <br />visibility of pedestrians on roads. Other risk factors are also outlined. <br />C <br />B <br />Page 148 <br />