Pedestrian s <br />• 79% of the crashes that killed or seriously injured <br />pedestrians involved private vehicles as opposed <br />to taxis, trucks and buses. <br />• Senior pedestrians (over 65 years old) accounted <br />for 38% of all pedestrian fatalities and 28% of <br />severe injuries. <br />• Manhattan had four times as many pedestrians <br />killed or severely injured per mile of street com- <br />pared to the other four boroughs. <br />• 43% of pedestrians killed in Manhattan lived in <br />another borough or outside of New York City. <br />• 40% of pedestrian crashes occurred in the late <br />afternoon and/or early evening. <br />• Late night pedestrian crashes were nearly twice <br />as deadly as other time periods. <br />The New York City Department of Transportation <br />formulated a pedestrian safety action plan involving <br />other key agencies such as New York City Police <br />Department, New York City Department of Health <br />and Mental Hygiene, and New York State Department <br />of Motor Vehicles. The action plan focuses on a <br />combination of highly targeted engineering, enforce- <br />ment and education/public information measures. <br />Implementation began immediately, starting with <br />strengthening already existing actions. Many meas- <br />ures set out in the plan that have been implemented <br />already include: <br />• redesign of 30 kilometres of high-crash corridors <br />annually; <br />Attach <br />a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attach <br />• installation of pedestrian countdown signals at <br />1500 intersections; <br />• implementing 75 additional 30km/h hour school <br />speed zones; <br />• implementing Neighbourhood Slow Zones in sev- <br />eral neighbourhoods citywide, where the speed <br />limit will be reduced to 30 km/h; and <br />• conducting public information campaigns and <br />enforcement targeting speeding along major cor- <br />ridors and intersections where drivers commonly <br />fail to yield. <br />In addition to pedestrian safety measures, there are <br />a number of other measures being implemented in <br />order to reduce road traffic injuries and fatalities in <br />general (6). <br />An evaluation of 13 recent safety measures <br />implemented in New York City included pedestrian <br />interventions such as all pedestrian phase, high- <br />visibility crossings, increasing pedestrian crossing <br />time, split-phase timing, pedestrian fencing, road <br />diet (reduction in the number of travel lanes, with <br />added turning lanes), speed hump and speed limit <br />reduction (6). Split-phase timing, signal installations, <br />high-visibility crossings, all pedestrian phase and <br />increasing pedestrian crossing time were found to <br />reduce pedestrian and total crashes by 25-51%. <br />Measures with lesser effect were posted speed <br />limit reduction signs, and middle block pedestrian <br />fencing (6). <br />101 <br />