Attach <br />Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attach <br />M C-D I" Ir y provided guidance on conducting a situational assessment and <br />preparing an action plan for pedestrian safety. This module discusses various <br />pedestrian safety measures and key issues to consider regarding their implementation. <br />The module is divided into two sections: <br />4.1 An overview of effective pedestrian safety interventions: This section provides <br />a summary of key interventions that can be implemented to improve pedestrian <br />safety, and provides principles to guide decision-making regarding the optimal choice <br />of interventions. <br />4.2 Implementing effective pedestrian safety interventions: This section <br />provides details on specific pedestrian safety interventions and examples of their <br />implementation. <br />4.1 An overview of effective pedestrian safety interventions <br />Institutions and people working in pedestrian safety may tend to favour either <br />engineering measures or behaviour-change measures, depending on their training <br />and experience, but significant improvement to pedestrian safety requires a balanced <br />approach that includes both perspectives (z). <br />"Many pedestrian safety problems cannot be solved simply by addressing <br />one of the 'three Es' (engineering, education, enforcement) in isolation. <br />Engineers, law enforcement, designers, planners, educators, and citizens <br />should all play a role in identifying and implementing effective countermeas- <br />ures for improving pedestrian safety" (2). <br />Several engineering and behavioural interventions have been evaluated and found to <br />be effective in improving pedestrian safety. A summary of the key pedestrian safety <br />measures is presented in Table 4.i. Each broad category of measures is associated <br />with a number of specific interventions. While some interventions have been found <br />to be effective in multiple settings, others have insufficient evidence regarding their <br />effectiveness. <br />Effectiveness of the measures is assessed by reduction of fatalities and injuries, as well <br />as changes in behaviour, attitudes and knowledge. Table 4.1 categorizes pedestrian <br />safety strategies as follows: <br />. Proven: Evidence from robust studies such as randomized controlled trials, <br />systematic reviews or case-control studies show that these interventions are <br />C <br />B <br />09 <br />