Attach <br />Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners <br />Attach <br />Land-use planning factors that affect pedestrian traffic risk include the following: <br />. Population density: The frequency of pedestrian crashes in a given area is strongly <br />influenced by the density of the resident population and the total population <br />exposed to risk (So). <br />Land-use mix: Land-use planning policies and strategies that encourage a greater <br />mix of land-uses and shorter trip distances make walking more feasible, and safer, <br />if measures for safe walking have been considered (SI,Sz). <br />City structure: There are wide variations in road traffic fatality rates, including <br />pedestrian rates, across cities with different income levels and even within cities <br />with similar income levels, implying that city structure, modal share and exposure <br />of motorists and pedestrians may have a significant role in determining fatality <br />rates, along with road design, vehicle design and income (2). <br />Modal share is the proportion of travellers using different modes of trans- <br />port: walking, bicycle, motorcycle, car, bus, tram and train. <br />2.3 Policy and planning reforms that support <br />pedestrian safety <br />Land-use planning and roadway design should accommodate the specific needs of <br />pedestrians not only to improve their safety, but also to increase pedestrian access <br />to local services including shops, schools, hospitals, farms, neighbours, public <br />transportation stops and social meetings (34). Worldwide, pedestrian needs are <br />increasingly recognized in land-use, public space and transport planning, with an <br />increasing number of countries making substantial investments in pedestrian safety in <br />recent years. While some countries, such as China and India, are beginning to increase <br />their efforts to address pedestrian safety, others such as the Netherlands and Denmark <br />have already invested in pedestrian safety and walking for a relatively long time (18). <br />A wide range of land-use planning and road design strategies to improve pedestrian <br />safety have been developed and implemented in different countries (18,53,54). <br />Effectiveness of these, and other measures, is discussed and examples of <br />implementation provided in Module 4 but they generally include: <br />. controlling vehicle speed; <br />. developing traffic-calming measures; <br />. restricting vehicle traffic in residential areas; <br />. building sidewalks; <br />. enforcing traffic laws; <br />. pedestrianizing city centres; <br />. installing pedestrian signals; <br />35 <br />C <br />B <br />