Pedestrian safety in roadwav design and land-use nlanni <br />Attachment C <br />Attachment B <br />programme was approved in February zoir at an estimated cost of US$ 14.9 million. <br />It involves working with schools and communities to change driver attitudes and, <br />if necessary, enforcement of the 3o km/h limit by working with the police. The first <br />stage of the programme involving the introduction of 3o km/h speed limits with <br />the associated sign and speed limit orders will be completed by December 2,013. The <br />programme has only commenced implementation and thus it is too early to evaluate <br />it thoroughly. However, early indications are that the overall approach to road safety <br />is working since deaths and serious injuries fell by 4% between zoio and 2,oi1 and the <br />proportion of children killed and seriously injured fell by over ii% during the same <br />period. <br />The Freiburg and Lancashire comprehensive approaches to speed limits for entire <br />geographical areas is likely to be more effective than the fragmented approach of <br />home zones or individual streets where one car trip can involve streets with three or <br />four different speed limits. Consistency, complete geographical coverage and total <br />commitment to pedestrian safety are essential. Furthermore, design features such <br />as narrow lanes or traffic-calming enhance roadway safety performance for all road <br />users when compared to more conventional roadway designs (36). <br />2.1.3 Pedestrian crossings <br />Pedestrians cross one or more roads at some point in their journey, whether at an <br />intersection or not. In many situations, crossing the road increases their risk of traffic <br />injury. Intersections are associated with high rates of pedestrian collisions and injuries <br />because they include a large number of pedestrian and vehicle conflict points (37,39)• <br />Uncontrolled intersections exacerbate such conflicts, as pedestrians may encounter <br />oncoming vehicles travelling at elevated speeds that are not required to stop or yield. <br />In some situations, the only way pedestrians can signal their intent to cross is to stand <br />in the pedestrian crossing (39,40). Situations where drivers must yield to pedestrians <br />in, rather than at an intersection, tend to be more risky for pedestrians. <br />The place where two or more roads meet or cross each other is called a <br />junction or intersection. Intersections with traffic controls such as stop <br />signs, markings or managed by authorized personnel are referred to as con- <br />trolled intersections. Intersections controlled by automatic traffic signals are <br />called signalized intersections. Intersections that are not controlled by traffic <br />signs, markings, authorized personnel or automatic traffic signals - leaving <br />priority and traffic flow at the discretion of the road user - are referred to as <br />uncontrolled intersections. <br />32 <br />Page 177 <br />