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I i (Fig. 2.16b) The same pumper com- pleting the straight lay towards the fire scene, and a firefighter preparing to operate the hydrant after the hose is safely layed out. Spacing Maximum distance between hydrants differs great- ly, depending on various local standards. IFC and NFPA 1 both include tables within appendices that enable a designer to find the required fire flow for any given building, and then select the correspond- ing hydrant spacing. Where apparatus may ap- proach from different directions, hydrants should be placed primarily at intersections. If additional hydrants are needed to comply with local spacing requirements, they should be spaced along blocks at regular intervals. Location (Fig. 2.16c) Pumper performing a reverse hose lay from a fire scene (to feed the monitor nozzle shown) towards a hydrant. Pumpers may utilize hydrants in different ways. If the fire is close enough, a pumper can be posi- tioned at a hydrant and use a large-diameter suc- tion hose (Figure 2.15). Pumpers in urban and sub- urban areas with hydrants are generally equipped with large-diameter suction hoses connected to an intake on the pumper's front bumper, rear step, or side. This suction hose may be as short as 15 feet. In many urban areas, however, pumpers carry longer suction hoses in order to reach hydrants on the opposite side of a single line of parallel parked cars. If a fire is not close to a particular hydrant, a pumper may have to lay one or more hose lines between the hydrant and the fire. If a pumper lays a supply hose line from a hydrant towards the building with the fire emergency, this is called a "straight" or "forward" hose lay (Figures 2.16a and 2.16b). The opposite (laying supply hose from a building on fire to a hydrant farther down the street) is called a "reverse lay" (Figure 2.16c). Many fire departments use one or the other of these options as their standard procedure. Designers should take this into account when locating hydrants. For instance, hydrants at the end of dead-end streets will not facilitate straight hose lays. Hydrants that are too close to a particular build- ing are less likely to be used due to potential fire exposure or collapse. Locating hydrants at least 40 feet away from protected buildings is recommend- ed. If this is not possible, consider locations with blank walls, no windows or doors, and where struc- tural collapse is unlikely (such as building corners). A rule of thumb for collapse zone size is twice the distance of the building's height. This is not a consideration in urban areas, where a multitude of hydrants are available for any given location. Marking A number of methods are used to enable firefight- ers to rapidly identify hydrant locations. The color used for hydrants should contrast as much as pos- sible with the predominating surroundings. Some localities place reflective tape around the hydrant body. Other jurisdictions mount reflectors (usually blue) in the roadway in front of each hydrant; how- ever, in cold weather climates these reflectors are often obstructed by snow. The best way to identify hydrants in areas sub- ject to snowy weather is a locator pole which is vis- ible above the highest expected snowfall. These are FIRE= S'E:RVCCE FEAT,UR,E=S-011 BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS I 19 135 I (Fig. 2.16a) Pumper stopping to initiate a forward hose lay from a hydrant.